Per-thread RNGs and RNG bugfix

Makefile

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ INCLUDE=./include
 LIBS=-pthread -lm
 FLAGS=-Ofast -march=native -g -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic
 
-raytracer: camera.hpp color.hpp hittable.hpp hittable_list.hpp main.cpp material.hpp ray.hpp rtweekend.hpp sphere.hpp vec3.hpp $(INCLUDE)/Remotery.c $(INCLUDE)/Remotery.h
+raytracer: camera.hpp color.hpp hittable.hpp hittable_list.hpp main.cpp material.hpp random.h ray.hpp rtweekend.hpp sphere.hpp vec3.hpp $(INCLUDE)/Remotery.c $(INCLUDE)/Remotery.h
 	g++ $(FLAGS) -I$(INCLUDE) $(LIBS) main.cpp -o raytracer
 
 make debug:

camera.hpp

@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ struct camera {
 
     /* Methods */    
 
-    ray get_ray(float s, float t) const
+    ray get_ray(float s, float t, int32_t thread_id = 0) const
     {        
-        vec3 rd = lens_radius * random_in_unit_disk();
+        vec3 rd = lens_radius * random_in_unit_disk(thread_id);
         vec3 offset = u * rd.x + v * rd.y;
 
         return ray(origin + offset, lower_left_corner + s*horizontal + t*vertical - origin - offset);

main.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <time.h>
 
 #define RMT_ENABLED 0
 
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ hittable_list<sphere> random_scene() {
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-color ray_color(const ray& r, hittable_list<T>& world, int32_t depth)
+color ray_color(const ray& r, hittable_list<T>& world, int32_t depth, int32_t thread_id)
 {
     rmt_ScopedCPUSample(Scatter, RMTSF_Aggregate | RMTSF_Recursive);
     if (depth <= 0)
@@ -131,11 +132,11 @@ color ray_color(const ray& r, hittable_list<T>& world, int32_t depth)
         ray scattered;
         color attenuation;
         rmt_BeginCPUSample(Scatter, RMTSF_Aggregate);
-        bool visible = rec.mat_ptr->scatter(r, rec, attenuation, scattered);
+        bool visible = rec.mat_ptr->scatter(r, rec, attenuation, scattered, thread_id);
         rmt_EndCPUSample();
         if (visible)
         {
-            return attenuation * ray_color(scattered, world, depth-1);
+            return attenuation * ray_color(scattered, world, depth-1, thread_id);
         }
         else
         {
@@ -163,6 +164,9 @@ float hit_sphere(const point3& center, float radius, const ray& r)
 int32_t main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 
+
+
+    
     /* Argument parsing */
     int32_t c;
     bool using_default_output = true;
@@ -225,6 +229,30 @@ int32_t main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
     //indicators::show_console_cursor(false);
 
+
+    // Get the number of logical CPUs
+    int32_t ncores = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
+    // Initialize and seed the random number generators
+    pcg_table = (pcg32_random_t *) malloc(sizeof(pcg32_random_t) * ncores);
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < ncores; ++i)
+    {
+        struct timespec ts;
+        if (timespec_get(&ts, TIME_UTC))
+        {
+            // Use higher quality seed
+            uint64_t seed = (uint64_t)(ts.tv_nsec ^ ts.tv_sec);
+            pcg_table[i] = { seed, seed };
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Error, use default seed
+            pcg_table[i] = default_pcg;
+        }
+
+        
+            
+    }
+
     // Image
     aspect_ratio = 3.0 / 2.0;
     image_width = 1200;
@@ -257,11 +285,11 @@ int32_t main(int argc, char *argv[])
     // Render
     fprintf(output_file_handle, "P3\n%d %d\n255\n", image_width, image_height);
 
-    int32_t ncores = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN); // Get the number of logical CPUs
+
     std::vector<pthread_t> threads;
     std::vector<thread_args> args;    
     threads.reserve(ncores);
-    args.reserve(ncores);
+    args.reserve(ncores);    
 
     std::vector<indicators::BlockProgressBar*> bar_memory;
     bar_memory.reserve(ncores);
@@ -381,10 +409,10 @@ void *raytrace_lines(void *arg)
             color pixel_color = color(0,0,0);
             for (int32_t s = 0; s < samples_per_pixel; ++s)
             {
-                float u = ((i + random_float()) / (image_width-1));
+                float u = ((i + random_float(thread_id)) / (image_width-1));
-                float v = ((j + random_float()) / (image_height-1));
+                float v = ((j + random_float(thread_id)) / (image_height-1));
-                ray r =  global_camera->get_ray(u,v);
+                ray r =  global_camera->get_ray(u,v, thread_id);
-                pixel_color += ray_color(r, world, max_depth);
+                pixel_color += ray_color(r, world, max_depth, thread_id);
             }
             int32_t index = j * image_width + i;            
             image[index] = pixel_color;

material.hpp

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include "rtweekend.hpp"
 
 struct material {
-    virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, color& attenuation, ray& scattered) const = 0;
+    virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, color& attenuation, ray& scattered, int32_t thread_id = 0) const = 0;
 };
 
 struct lambertian : material {
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ struct lambertian : material {
 
     #pragma GCC diagnostic push
     #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-parameter"
-    virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, color& attenuation, ray& scattered) const override
+    virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, color& attenuation, ray& scattered, int32_t thread_id = 0) const override
     {
-        vec3 scatter_direction = rec.normal + random_unit_vector();
+        vec3 scatter_direction = rec.normal + random_unit_vector(thread_id);
 
         /* NOTE: it is possible that the random vector we generate is exactly opposite to the normal vector,
            in which case it will sum to a near-zero scatter vector and generate degenerate results.
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ struct metal : material {
         fuzz = f;
     };
 
-    virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, color& attenuation, ray& scattered) const override
+    virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, color& attenuation, ray& scattered, int32_t thread_id) const override
     {
         vec3 reflected = reflect(normalize(r_in.direction), rec.normal);
-        scattered = ray(rec.p, reflected + fuzz*random_in_unit_sphere());
+        scattered = ray(rec.p, reflected + fuzz*random_in_unit_sphere(thread_id));
         attenuation = albedo;
         return (dot(scattered.direction, rec.normal) > 0);
     }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ struct dielectric : material
                             
 
     /* Virtual methods */
-    virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, color& attenuation, ray& scattered) const override
+    virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, color& attenuation, ray& scattered, int32_t thread_id) const override
     {
         attenuation = color(1,1,1);
         float refraction_ratio = rec.front_face ? (1.0/ri) : ri;
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ struct dielectric : material
         bool cannot_refract = refraction_ratio * sin_theta > 1.0;
         vec3 direction;
 
-        if (cannot_refract || reflectance(cos_theta, refraction_ratio) > random_float())
+        if (cannot_refract || reflectance(cos_theta, refraction_ratio) > random_float(thread_id))
             direction = reflect(unit_direction, rec.normal);
         else
             direction = refract(unit_direction, rec.normal, refraction_ratio);

rtweekend.hpp

@@ -8,11 +8,8 @@
 #include "timer.hpp"
 #include "random.h"
 
-#define FAST_RANDOM 1
+pcg32_random_t *pcg_table;
-#ifdef FAST_RANDOM
+pcg32_random_t default_pcg = { 0x853c49e6748fea9bULL, 0xda3e39cb94b95bdbULL };
-pcg32_random_t pcg = { 0x853c49e6748fea9bULL, 0xda3e39cb94b95bdbULL };
-#define rand() pcg32_random_r(&pcg)
-#endif
 
 /* Utility functions */
 inline float degrees_to_radians(float d)
@@ -21,15 +18,21 @@ inline float degrees_to_radians(float d)
 }
 
 /* Returns a float in the range [0,1) */
-inline float random_float()
+inline float random_float_()
 {
     return rand() * (1.0 / RAND_MAX);
 }
 
-/* Returns a float in the range [min,max) */
+/* Returns a float in the range [0,1) */
-inline float random_float(float min, float max)
+inline float random_float(int32_t thread_id = 0)
 {
-    return min + (max-min) * random_float();
+    return pcg32_random_r(&pcg_table[thread_id]) * (1.0 / UINT32_MAX);
+}
+
+/* Returns a float in the range [min,max) */
+inline float random_float(float min, float max, int32_t thread_id = 0)
+{
+    return min + (max-min) * random_float(thread_id);
 }
 
 /* Clamps a value between [min,max] */

vec3.hpp

@@ -66,15 +66,15 @@ struct vec3 {
     }
 
     // Get a vec3 with random components in the range [0,1)
-    inline static vec3 random()
+    inline static vec3 random(int32_t thread_id = 0)
     {
-        return vec3(random_float(), random_float(), random_float());
+        return vec3(random_float(thread_id), random_float(thread_id), random_float(thread_id));
     }
 
     // Get a vec3 with random components in the range [min, max)
-    inline static vec3 random(float min, float max)
+    inline static vec3 random(float min, float max, int32_t thread_id = 0)
     {
-        return vec3(random_float(min, max), random_float(min, max), random_float(min, max));
+        return vec3(random_float(min, max, thread_id), random_float(min, max, thread_id), random_float(min, max, thread_id));
     }
 
     // Check if all vector components are near zero
@@ -162,12 +162,12 @@ inline vec3 normalize(const vec3 v)
 }
 
 // Returns a vec3 of random components between [-1,1) that is inside a unit sphere
-vec3 random_in_unit_sphere()
+vec3 random_in_unit_sphere(int32_t thread_id)
 {    
     // Iterate until we find a vector with length < 1
     while (true)
     {
-        vec3 p = vec3::random(-1,1);
+        vec3 p = vec3::random(-1,1, thread_id);
         if (p.length_squared() >= 1)
             continue;
         return p;
@@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ vec3 random_in_unit_sphere()
 }
 
 // Returns a normalized version of the above vector
-vec3 random_unit_vector()
+vec3 random_unit_vector(int32_t thread_id)
 {
-    return normalize(random_in_unit_sphere());
+    return normalize(random_in_unit_sphere(thread_id));
 }
 
-vec3 random_in_hemisphere(const vec3& normal)
+vec3 random_in_hemisphere(const vec3& normal, int32_t thread_id)
 {    
-    vec3 in_unit_sphere = random_in_unit_sphere();
+    vec3 in_unit_sphere = random_in_unit_sphere(thread_id);
     
     if (dot(in_unit_sphere, normal) > 0.0)
         return in_unit_sphere;
@@ -204,11 +204,11 @@ vec3 refract(const vec3& uv, const vec3& n, float etai_over_etat)
     return r_out_perp + r_out_parallel;
 }
 
-vec3 random_in_unit_disk()
+vec3 random_in_unit_disk(int32_t thread_id)
 {
     while (true)
     {
-        auto p = vec3(random_float(-1,1), random_float(-1,1), 0);
+        auto p = vec3(random_float(-1,1,thread_id), random_float(-1,1,thread_id), 0);
         if (p.length_squared() >= 1) continue;
         return p;
     }